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Compare Spratly Islands (2006) - Seychelles (2001)

Compare Spratly Islands (2006) z Seychelles (2001)

 Spratly Islands (2006)Seychelles (2001)
 Spratly IslandsSeychelles
Administrative divisions - 23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe), Grand' Anse (on Praslin), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe La Rue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka
Age structure - 0-14 years:
28.27% (male 11,367; female 11,167)

15-64 years:
65.47% (male 25,453; female 26,737)

65 years and over:
6.26% (male 1,673; female 3,318) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products - coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla, sweet potatoes, cassava (tapioca), bananas; broiler chickens; tuna fish
Airports 3 (2006) 14 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 1


under 914 m: 1 (2006)		 total:
6

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
3

under 914 m:
2 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2006)		 total:
8

914 to 1,523 m:
4

under 914 m:
4 (2000 est.)
Area total: less than 5 sq km


land: less than 5 sq km


water: 0 sq km


note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over an area of nearly 410,000 sq km of the central South China Sea		 total:
455 sq km

land:
455 sq km

water:
0 sq km
Area - comparative NA 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Background The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs. They are surrounded by rich fishing grounds and potentially by gas and oil deposits. They are claimed in their entirety by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines. About 45 islands are occupied by relatively small numbers of military forces from China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Brunei has established a fishing zone that overlaps a southern reef, but has not made any formal claim. A lengthy struggle between France and Great Britain for the islands ended in 1814, when they were ceded to the latter. Independence came in 1976. Socialist rule was brought to a close with a new constitution and free elections in 1993.
Birth rate - 17.66 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget - revenues:
$249 million

expenditures:
$262 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Capital - Victoria
Climate tropical tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
Coastline 926 km 491 km
Constitution - 18 June 1993
Country name conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Spratly Islands		 conventional long form:
Republic of Seychelles

conventional short form:
Seychelles
Currency - Seychelles rupee (SCR)
Death rate - 6.65 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external - $240 million (1999 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US - the US does not have an embassy in Seychelles; the ambassador to Mauritius is accredited to Seychelles
Diplomatic representation in the US - chief of mission:
Ambassador Claude Sylvestre MOREL

chancery:
800 Second Avenue, Suite 400C, New York, NY 10017

telephone:
[1] (212) 972-1785

FAX:
[1] (212) 972-1786
Disputes - international all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has not publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)
Economic aid - recipient - $16.4 million (1995)
Economy - overview Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing. The proximity to nearby oil- and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas deposits, but the region is largely unexplored. There are no reliable estimates of potential reserves. Commercial exploitation has yet to be developed. Since independence in 1976, per capita output in this Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency earnings, and by tuna fishing. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. The vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991-92 due largely to the Gulf war. Although the industry has rebounded, the government recognizes the continuing need for upgrading the sector in the face of stiff international competition. Other issues facing the government are the curbing of the budget deficit and further privatization of public enterprises. Growth slowed in 1998-2000, due to sluggish tourist and tuna sectors. Tight controls on exchange rates and the scarcity of foreign exchange have hindered short-term economic prospects. The black market value of the Seychelles ruppee is half the official exchange rate; without a devaluation of the currency the tourist sector should remain sluggish as vacationers seek cheaper destinations such as Comoros, Mauritius, and Madagascar.
Electricity - consumption - 148.8 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports - 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports - 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production - 160 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: South China Sea 0 m


highest point: unnamed location on Southwest Cay 4 m		 lowest point:
Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Morne Seychellois 905 m
Environment - current issues NA water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater
Environment - international agreements - party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Ethnic groups - Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)
Exchange rates - Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 6.0397 (November 2000), 5.6009 (2000), 5,3426 (1999), 5.2622 (1998), 5.0263 (1997), 4.9700 (1996)
Executive branch - chief of state:
President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:
President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 20-22 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2003)

election results:
France Albert RENE reelected president; percent of vote - France Albert RENE (SPPF) 66.7%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN (UO) 19.5%, Sir James MANCHAM (DP) 13.8%
Exports - $111 million (f.o.b., 1999)
Exports - commodities - fish, cinnamon bark, copra, petroleum products (reexports)
Exports - partners - France, UK, Netherlands, Italy, China, Germany, Japan
Fiscal year - calendar year
Flag description - five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side
GDP - purchasing power parity - $610 million (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector - agriculture:
3.1%

industry:
26.3%

services:
70.6% (1999)
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $7,700 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate - 1.5% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 8 38 N, 111 55 E 4 35 S, 55 40 E
Geography - note strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central South China Sea; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and coral reefs 40 granitic and about 50 coralline islands
Highways - total:
373 km

paved:
315 km

unpaved:
58 km (1997)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Imports - $440 million (c.i.f., 1999)
Imports - commodities - machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals
Imports - partners - South Africa, UK, China, Singapore, France, Italy
Independence - 29 June 1976 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate - NA%
Industries - fishing; tourism; processing of coconuts and vanilla, coir (coconut fiber) rope, boat building, printing, furniture; beverages
Infant mortality rate - 17.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - 6% (1999 est.)
International organization participation - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 0 sq km NA sq km
Judicial branch - Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; judges for both courts are appointed by the president
Labor force - 30,900 (1996)
Labor force - by occupation - industry 19%, services 71%, agriculture 10% (1989)
Land boundaries 0 km 0 km
Land use arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (2005)		 arable land:
2%

permanent crops:
13%

permanent pastures:
0%

forests and woodland:
11%

other:
74% (1993 est.)
Languages - English (official), French (official), Creole
Legal system - based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law
Legislative branch - unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (34 seats - 25 elected by popular vote, 9 allocated on a proportional basis to parties winning at least ten percent of the vote; members serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 20-22 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2003)

election results:
percent of vote by party - SPPF 61.7%, UO 26.1%, DP 12.1%; seats by party - SPPF 30, UO 3, DP 1

note:
the 9 awarded seats are apportioned according to the share of each party in the total vote
Life expectancy at birth - total population:
70.69 years

male:
65.17 years

female:
76.37 years (2001 est.)
Literacy - definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
58%

male:
56%

female:
60% (1971 est.)
Location Southeastern Asia, group of reefs and islands in the South China Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern Vietnam to the southern Philippines Eastern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar
Map references Southeast Asia Africa
Maritime claims NA contiguous zone:
24 NM

continental shelf:
200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
Merchant marine - total:
1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,353 GRT/7,638 DWT

ships by type:
cargo 1 (2000 est.)
Military - note Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs, of which about 45 are claimed and occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam -
Military branches - Army, Coast Guard, air wing, National Guard, Presidential Protection Unit, Police Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure - $13 million (FY93)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - 2.8% (FY93)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49:
22,951 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49:
11,452 (2001 est.)
National holiday - Constitution Day, 18 June (1993)
Nationality - noun:
Seychellois (singular and plural)

adjective:
Seychelles
Natural hazards typhoons; numerous reefs and shoals pose a serious maritime hazard lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible
Natural resources fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential fish, copra, cinnamon trees
Net migration rate - -6.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Political parties and leaders - Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM]; Seychelles National Party or SNP (formerly the United Opposition or UO) [Wavel RAMKALAWAN]; Seychelles People's Progressive Front or SPPF [France Albert RENE] - the governing party
Political pressure groups and leaders - Roman Catholic Church; trade unions
Population no indigenous inhabitants


note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by personnel of several claimant states (2004)		 79,715 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line - NA%
Population growth rate - 0.49% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors - Victoria
Radio broadcast stations - AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 2 (1998)
Radios - 42,000 (1997)
Railways - 0 km
Religions - Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%
Sex ratio - at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.5 male(s)/female

total population:
0.93 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage - 17 years of age; universal
Telephone system - general assessment:
effective system

domestic:
radiotelephone communications between islands in the archipelago

international:
direct radiotelephone communications with adjacent island countries and African coastal countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use - 19,635 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular - 16,316 (1999)
Television broadcast stations - 2 (plus 9 repeaters) (1997)
Terrain flat Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs
Total fertility rate - 1.83 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate - NA%
Waterways - none
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